This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

Polyprotic acids can release more than one proton through sequential reactions, each defined by a unique dissociation constant. These stepwise processes shape titration curves and influence buffer ...

A well-established technique, acid-base titration is an analytical method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base. In practice, it involves adding a solution of known strength ...

The pH of acidic, basic, and neutral aqueous solutions of salts is shown with ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium chloride. Place beakers containing distilled water and universal indicator ...